Urban Cruise Ship

Solution / Endeavor	Cost (Billion USD/yr)	Benefit (Billion USD/yr)	Efficiency (Benefit / Cost)	Net Benefit (Benefit - Cost)	CO² Reduction megaTon/yr	Habitat Preservation (km²)	Sources
5% Methanol in Gasoline - U.S.	$11.2	$13.2	1.2	2.0	11.4
Accelerate Development and Deployment of Geothermal - World	$23.6	$28.3	1.2	4.7	16
Accelerate Investment into Solar Energy - World	$1,105.3	$1,591.2	1.4	485.9	8,770
Accelerate Investment into Wind Energy - World	$893.86	$1,492.38	1.7	598.5	8,225
Advanced Reactor Technology R&D – U.S.	$0.46	$1.32	2.9	0.9
Advanced Solar Cell Technology R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$12.5	15.1	11.7
Building Envelope Modeling Software Standardization - U.S.	$0.002	$1	500.0	1.0	11.9
Carbon Pricing	$93.3	$137.5	1.5	44.2	1,600
Clean Energy Standard - U.S.	$36.7	$58.9	1.6	22.2	1,000
Coal Phase Out - World	$1,700	$5,100	3.0	3400.0	17,000
Concentrated Solar Power Plants R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$6.6	8.0	5.8
Concentrating Solar PV R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$10.8	13.0	10.0
Construct a High-Voltage-Direct-Current Grid - U.S.	$220	$671	3.0	451.0	480
Dam Decommissioning Fund - U.S.	$0.11	$0.23	2.1	0.1
Dimethyl Ether for trucks - U.S.	$0.3119	$0.54	1.7	0.2	1.51
Electrofuels for Aviation	$381	$552	1.4	171.0	2,253
Enhanced Geothermal R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$4.8	5.8	4.0
Europe Should Maintain Nuclear Fleet	$20	$60	3.0	40.0	172
Fund Wave Energy Research - U.S.	$0.008	$0.019	2.4	0.0	2.9
Geothermal Categorical Exclusion - U.S.	$3.4926	$19.5871	5.6	16.1	96.279
Greater Up-front Incentives for Electric Vehicles - U.S.	$373	$435	1.2	62.0	130
Green Steel	$953.9676	$959.7436	1.0	5.8	2,179.625
Grid Battery Deployment for Load Balancing	$41.7	$84.1	2.0	42.4	91
Heat Pump Mandate - U.S.	$0.0031	$0.008	2.6	0.0	0.044
Heat Recovery Loan Program - U.S	$1.1	$2	1.8	0.9	14.9
Higher CAFE Standards - U.S.	$12.58	$14.14	1.1	1.6	0.002
Inert Anodes	$9.6268	$29.0342	3.0	19.4	169.394
Lighting Technology R&D	$0.625	$31	49.6	30.4	79
Low-carbon Cement Standards - World	$2.6	$7.79	3.0	5.2	48
Low-Carbon Methanol Plants	$3.6071	$4.545	1.3	0.9	32.143
Luminescent Solar Concentrator Technology R&D – U.S.	$0.83	$1.76	2.1	0.9
Maintenance of Peace - World	$6.4	$25.6	4.0	19.2
Methane Capture from Waste - World	$11.2205	$55.8323	5.0	44.6	394.857
Methane Control on Coal Mines	$3.3	$31	9.4	27.7	620
Methane Control on Oil Wells	$0.633	$49	77.4	48.4	980
Natural Gas - Tighter Regulation on Leakage	$0.285	$40	140.4	39.7	800
Natural Gas Plants with Carbon Capture - World	$22.1	$22.7	1.0	0.6	100
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund - U.S.	$0.0383	$0.5	13.1	0.5
Onshore Power for Ships at Port - World	$1.02	$2.54	2.5	1.5	11.7
Pedestrian Skybridge - Manhattan	$13	$22	1.7	9.0
Platooning Bus Rapid Transit	$0.3712	$7.0517	19.0	6.7	0.26
Production Tax Credit	$4	$4.7333	1.2	0.7	95
R&D Into Solar Heat- World	$69.9	$123.5	1.8	53.6	1,180
Renewable Microgrids - US Military	$0.031	$0.041	1.3	0.0	0.057
Replace Gasoline with Methanol - Fleet	$0.0006	$0.0022	3.8	0.0
Replace Peaker Plants with Storage - U.S.	$17.22	$27	1.6	9.8	63.3
Retrofit Wind Turbines with Winglets	$1.4951	$3.8705	2.6	2.4	1.12
Small Modular Reactor R&D – U.S.	$0.46	$6	13.0	5.5
Solar Investment Tax Credit - U.S.	$0.64	$0.862	1.3	0.2
Upgrade Power Grid - U.S.	$40	$112	2.8	72.0
Wind Turbine Drivetrain R&D - U.S.	$0.0492	$0.1968	4.0	0.1
Ban Lead Paint	$0.005	$2	400.0	2.0
Ban Nontherapeutic Livestock Antibiotics	$0.3	$5.58	18.6	5.3
Complimentary Feeding Education - LI/LMI Countries	$4.513	$40.148	8.9	35.6
First Expired First Out Food Inventory Management- US	$0.315	$1.43	4.5	1.1	1.54
Hermetic Storage for Postharvest Loss - Tanzania	$59.9	$276.4	4.6	216.5	1.44
Improved Prenatal Supplements - Low Income Countries	$0.3	$5.58	18.6	5.3
Meat Tax - U.S.	$0.027	$26.3	974.1	26.3	135	341,000km²
Modern Cooking Fuels	$14.4	$100	6.9	85.6
Modular Island Desalination - Mediterranean Islands	$0.004	$0.037	9.3	0.0	0.05
Pesticide Tax - World	$0.0257	$0.0888	3.5	0.1
Plant-based Info. Advocacy Campaign - U.S.	$0.48	$10.65	22.2	10.2	88
Precision Agriculture R&D	$9.94	$198.8	20.0	188.9
Reduce Restaurant Meal Sizes	$0.44	$9.03	20.5	8.6	13
Research to Improve Agricultural Yields - Global South	$1.7	$60	35.3	58.3
School Lunch Meat Removal - U.S.	$0.013	$7.65	588.5	7.6	27.8
Standardized Food Labeling - U.S.	$381	$552	1.4	171.0	2,253
Supplementary Food Program - LI/LMI Countries	$3.248	$44.515	13.7	41.3
ULAB Site Remediation	$0.412	$6.3624	15.4	6.0
Ultrafiltration Membrane Technology for Water Filtration - U.S.	$7.89	$17.34	2.2	9.4	0.25
Wastewater Treatment and Reuse	$17	$23	1.4	6.0
Water Desalination	$10	$3.5	0.3	-6.5
Biochar for Carbon Sequestration - World	$225	$248.35	1.1	23.3	2,500
Genetic Screening for Cardiovascular Disease - US Employers	$2.5	$3.2	1.3	0.7
Increased Adaptation Investment - World	$150	$720	4.8	570.0
Phase Out Asbestos Usage - World	$6.05	$1,005	166.1	999.0
Plan to End TB - World	$2.6	$99.6	38.3	97.0
Plan to End Tuberculosis - World	$2.66	$99.6	37.4	96.9
Radon Testing for Low-Income Households - U.S.	$1.08	$16.4	15.2	15.3
Reforestation and Afforestation - World	$190	$1,770	9.3	1580.0	7,626	3,040,000km²
Reverse Osmosis Arsenic Filtration - World	$2.58	$2.1	0.8	-0.5
Wildlife Corridors - U.S.	$4.8	$9.4	2.0	4.6
Development Set Patterns - U.S.	$1,540	$1,633	1.1	93.0	21.2	42,000km²
Green Roofs in Urban Planning - US	$5.56	$19.08	3.4	13.5
Heat Mitigation through Trees - World	$46.19	$89.62	1.9	43.4	25.26
LED Street Lights With Full Cut-Off Shielding - World	$15.5	$20.8	1.3	5.3	27.4
Loosen Floor Area Ratio Rules for Residential - U.S.	$139	$274	2.0	135.0	2.6	7,947km²
Loosen Minimum Parking Lot Size Rules - U.S.	$0.703	$16.4	23.3	15.7	4.5	2,456km²
Quieter Pavement	$1.3318	$1.7829	1.3	0.5
Remove Parking Minimums - U.S.	$0.044	$0.929	21.1	0.9	0.001	139km²
Trucking Road Usage Charge - U.S.	$13	$129	9.9	116.0
Composting Infrastructure	$97.56	$220.89	2.3	123.3	361.1
Deep Borehole Disposal	$0.2162	$0.8324	3.9	0.6	17
Establish E-waste Infrastructure - US	$32.26	$55.38	1.7	23.1	70.8
Extended Producer Responsibility for Discarded Blades	$1.5748	$4.3495	2.8	2.8	10
Increase Plastic Tax - U.K.	$0.1372	$0.178	1.3	0.0	1.8
Landfill Tax - World	$7.5	$62.75	8.4	55.3	79.68
Waste Levy on Coal Burning - World	$7.5	$10.4	1.4	2.9
Ban Bottom Trawling - E.U.	$0.34	$2.42	7.1	2.1	5.5	162,000km²
Department of Energy Support for Offshore Wind	$11.6349	$12.0714	1.0	0.4	34.006
Derelict Fishing Gear Buyback	$0.1186	$7.4512	62.8	7.3
Increase Marine Protected Areas - World	$835	$1,274	1.5	439.0	680	78,000,000km²
IUU Fishing Global Reporting Requirements	$2.4	$11	4.6	8.6
Ocean Geoengineering Research - World	$1.4	$47.5	33.9	46.1	2,500
Scientific Whaling Ban - World	$0.31	$1.456	4.7	1.1	0.24
Set Ship Speed Limits - World	$16.5	$55.4	3.4	38.9	93.2
Asteroid Monitoring and Deflection - US	$0.25	$8.9	35.6	8.7
Low Ozone Depletion Rocket Fuels	$29.4655	$52.3881	1.8	22.9
15% Meat Tax, Netherlands (2020-2050)	$25.64	$29.34	1.1	3.7			7
30% Meat Tax, Netherlands (2020-2050)	$49.26	$54.15	1.1	4.9			7
Acid Rain Program, U.S. (2010)	$4.58	$186.45	40.7	181.9			6
Air Pollution Control, China (2013-2017)	$240	$342	1.4	102.0			65
Airport Expansion, New Zealand (2016-2059)	$0.99	$1.61	1.6	0.6			60
Airport Runway Extension, Malaysia (2019-2030)	$0.0058	$0.0196	3.4	0.0			42
Airport Runway Extension, U.K. (2014-2050)	$41.6	$73.66	1.8	32.1			57
Anti-Bullying Campaign, Netherlands (2012-2014)	$0	$0	4.0	0.0			33
Anti-Malaria Campaign, China (2005-2019)	$0.0124	$2.37	191.3	2.4			2
Antibiotics Conservation, Canada (2005)	$0.0047	$0.36	76.6	0.4			5
Bicycle Commuting Route, Spain (2006-2032)	$0.0558	$0.1287	2.3	0.1			50
Bottle Deposit Program, Israel (Annual)	$0.0363	$0.05	1.4	0.0			66
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Eradication, Austria (1998-2004)	$0.0018	$0.0022	1.2	0.0			73
Building Energy Efficiency, Qatar (Annual)	$2.05	$13.4	6.5	11.4			17
Building Technology R&D, U.S. (1976-2015)	$0.36	$1.531	4.3	1.2			30
Coastal Flooding Management, U.K. (2007-2017)	$0.154	$0.244	1.6	0.1			61
Combustion Engine R&D, USDOE (1986-2007)	$0.53	$2.823	5.3	2.3			24
Congestion Pricing, Sweden (Annual)	$0.91	$2.33	2.6	1.4			48
COVID-19 Lockdown, U.K. (June 2020 to August 2020)	$116	$9.6	0.1	-106.4			79
COVID-19 Lockdown, U.S. (March 2020 to July 2020)	$331.5	$605.9	1.8	274.4			56
Driverless Metro, Italy (35-Year Model)	$1	$2.7	2.7	1.7			46
Earthquake Risk Mitigation for Schools, World (50-Year Model)	$238.62	$876.48	3.7	637.9			38
Efficient Water Heater Requirement for New Homes, U.S. (10-Year Model)	$0.0292	$0.1078	3.7	0.1			37
Energy Crops in Urban Parks, Poland (20-Year Model)	$0.0039	$0.0048	1.2	0.0			69
Energy Efficiency Regulation, USDOE (Annual)	$10.07	$29.31	2.9	19.2			45
Erie Canal, U.S. (1817-1880)	$1.78	$5.5	3.1	3.7			43
Flood Risk Reduction w/Afforestation, U.K. (75 Year Model)	$0.0017	$0.004	2.4	0.0			49
Fruit & Vegetable Subsidy, Netherlands (2020-2050)	$0.12	$2.227	18.6	2.1			7
Geothermal R&D, USDOE, (1980-2008)	$2.03	$9.87	4.9	7.8			26
Government Compensation for Kidney Donors, U.S. (Annual)	$18.3	$74	4.0	55.7			32
Grid-Scale Electrical Energy Storage, G.B. (2017-2020)	$0.0178	$0.0215	1.2	0.0			71
High-Speed Rail, Hong Kong to China (2010 to indefinite future)	$22.95	$25.38	1.1	2.4			74
Human Genome Project, World (1990-2010)	$6.67	$947.66	142.1	941.0			4
Hybrid + Electric Vehicle R&D, USDOE (1992-2012)	$1.11	$4.01	3.6	2.9			39
Industrial Energy Efficiency, U.S. (Annual)	$0.09	$0.51	5.7	0.4			22
Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICV), China (2015-2050)	$2,270	$4,210	1.9	1940.0			53
Interstate Corridor Extension, Central U.S. (20-Year Model)	$2.18	$14.76	6.8	12.6			14
Interstate Corridor Extension, Southwest U.S. (2024-2054)	$7.51	$9.39	1.3	1.9			68
Interstate Highway System, U.S. (1950-1989)	$549.69	$3,300	6.0	2750.3			18, 19
Irrigation Modernization, Spain (25-Year Model)	$1.43	$5.84	4.1	4.4			31
Landfill Recycling, China (3-Year Model)	$0.007	$0.0093	1.3	0.0			67
Large Hadron Collider, World (1998-2025)	$19.37	$23.53	1.2	4.2			70
Lear's Macaw Species Preservation, Brazil (1992-2017)	$0.0039	$0.0004	0.1	-0.0			78
London Olympics, U.K. (2012)	$12.58	$7.36	0.6	-5.2			75
Manure Digester Bags, Vietnam (10-Year Model) per kiloton	$0.0004	$0.002	4.6	0.0	424		28
MDMA Therapy for PTSD, U.S. (2021-2051)	$0.007	$0.111	15.9	0.1			8
Mercury Reduction, Australia (All future benefits/costs after ratification.)	$0.1453	$0.441	3.0	0.3			44
Montreal Protocol on Ozone, World (1987-2060)	$381.04	$2,540	6.7	2159.0			15, 16
NASA Life Sciences R&D, select projects (1959-2002)	$0.42	$2.39	5.7	2.0			21
National Institutes of Health, U.S. (2020)	$41.7	$61.3	1.5	19.6			63, 64
National Parks, U.S. (Annual)	$3.62	$14.07	3.9	10.4			35
New Western Sydney Airport, Australia (2015-2075)	$4.96	$9.48	1.9	4.5			52
Panama Canal, Global Commerce (1903-1937)	$11.56	$22.76	2.0	11.2			51
Path Network (Cycle & Walk), Norway (25-Year Model)	$0.157	$0.756	4.8	0.6			27
Phaseout of Lead in Gasoline, U.S. (1983 - 1986)	$4.73	$64.58	13.7	59.8			9
Polio Vaccination Campaign, U.S. (1955-2005)	$8.1	$1,800	222.2	1791.9			1
Recycling Hen & Cattle Dung, Taiwan per kiloton	$0.0002	$0.0004	2.7	0.0			47
Recycling Pig Manure, Taiwan per kiloton	$0.0002	$0.0002	1.1	0.0			47
Renewable Portfolio Standards, U.S. (2015-2050)	$33.76	$280.93	8.3	247.2			13
Repairing Existing Road Network, Albania (25-Year Model)	$0.0644	$0.0198	0.3	-0.0			77
River Restoration, Switzerland (35-Year Model)	$0.0635	$0.8625	13.6	0.8			10
Rural Broadband Service, U.S. (2018-2038)	$0.1942	$0.7687	4.0	0.6			34
Shale and Gas Exploration, Romania (2017-2047)	$147.5	$83.55	0.6	-64.0			76
Smallpox Eradication, World (1959-1977)	$1.48	$234.37	158.4	232.9			3
Smoking Cessation, U.S. (Annual)	$0.19	$0.66	3.5	0.5			41
Solar Photovoltaic R&D, USDOE (1975-2008)	$4.53	$8.3	1.8	3.8			55
Summer Reading Program, U.S. (Annual)	$0.0182	$0.07	3.8	0.1			36
Sunscreen Campaign, Australia (2006-2013)	$0.0167	$0.06	3.6	0.0			40
Supervised Injection Facility, U.S. (Annual)	$0.0028	$0.0051	1.8	0.0			54
Three Gorges Dam, China (1993-2100)	$124.39	$192.22	1.5	67.8			62
Transportation Safety Regulations, U.S. (2006-2015)	$11.86	$29.02	2.4	17.2			45
Treatment of Juvenile Males, U.S. (Annual)	$0.0003	$0.0004	1.2	0.0			72
truth® Anti-smoking Campaign, U.S. (2000-2002)	$0.391	$2.29	5.9	1.9			20
U.S. Invasion & Occupation of Iraq (2003-2011)	$6,400	$72.9	0.0	-6327.1			80
Universal Preschool, Spain (Annual)	$13.56	$58.42	4.3	44.9			29
Vehicle Exhaust Catalyst Mandate, U.K. (1993-2005)	$3.65	$6.32	1.7	2.7			58
Violence Against Women Act, U.S. (1994-1999)	$2.86	$29.3	10.2	26.4			12
Wastewater Treatment, Serbia (2015-2044)	$0.0151	$0.0247	1.6	0.0			59
Weather Forecasting, U.S. (Annual)	$6.23	$67.7	10.9	61.5			11
Wind Energy R&D, USDOE (1976-2008)	$1.72	$8.72	5.1	7.0			25

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29.

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30.

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31.

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32.

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33.

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34.

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35.

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36.

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37.

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38.

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39.

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40.

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41.

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42.

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43.

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44.

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45.

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46.

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47.

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48.

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50.

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51.

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52.

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54.

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55.

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56.

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57.

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58.

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60.

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61.

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62.

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63.

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64.

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65.

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66.

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67.

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68.

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70.

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71.

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72.

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73.

Marshik, T., Obritzhauser, W., Wagner, P., Richter, T., Mayerhofer, M., Egger-Danner, C., Käsbohrer, A., Pinior, B. "A cost-benefit analysis and the potential trade effects of the bovine viral diarrhoea eradication programme in Styria, Austria". The Veterinary Journal 231, pp. 19-29. January 2018.

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74.

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75.

Baade, R., Matheson, V. "Going for the Gold: The Economics of the Olympics". Journal of Economic Perspectives 30(2), pp. 201-218. Spring 2016.

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76.

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77.

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78.

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79.

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80.

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